Nanomedicine "New Food for an Old Mouth": Novel Approaches for the Treatment of COVID-19

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by coronavirus. Devel-oping specific drugs for inhibiting replication and viral entry is crucial. Several clinical trial studies are underway to evaluate the efficacy of anti-viral drugs for COVID-19 patients. Nanomedicine formulations can present a novel strategy for targeting the virus life cycle. Nano-drug delivery systems can modify the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties of anti-viral drugs and reduce their adverse effects. Moreover, nanocarriers can directly exhibit anti-viral effects. A number of nanocarriers have been studied for this purpose, including liposomes, dendrimers, exosomes and decoy nanoparticles (NPs). Among them, decoy NPs have been considered more as nanodecoys can efficiently protect host cells from the infection of SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this review article is to highlight the probable nanomedicine therapeutic strategies to develop anti-viral drug delivery systems for the treatment of COVID-19.Copyright © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.

Allergic reactions of COVID-19 vaccine based on mRNA-LNP and its pharmacokinetics in vivo

Vaccination has been proved to be the most effective strategy to prevent the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The mRNA vaccine based on nano drug delivery system (NDDS) - lipid nanoparticles (LNP) has been widely used because of its high effectiveness and safety. Although there have been reports of severe allergic reactions caused by mRNA-LNP vaccines, the mechanism and components of anaphylaxis have not been completely clarified yet. This review focuses on two mRNA-LNP vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. After summarizing the structural characteristics, potential allergens, possible allergic reaction mechanism, and pharmacokinetics of mRNA and LNP in vivo, this article then reviews the evaluation methods for patients with allergic history, as well as the regulations of different countries and regions on people who should not be vaccinated, in order to promote more safe injection of vaccines. LNP has become a recognized highly customizable nucleic acid delivery vector, which not only shows its value in mRNA vaccines, but also has great potential in treating rare diseases, cancers and other broad fields in the future. At the moment when mRNA-LNP vaccines open a new era of nano medicine, it is expected to provide some inspiration for safety research in the process of research, development and evaluation of more nano delivery drugs, and promote more nano drugs successfully to market.Copyright © 2023, Chinese Pharmaceutical Association. All rights reserved.

Nanomaterial: A Sustainable Way to Fight Against COVID-19

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field of science which deals with physics, chemistry, material science, and engineering sciences. The applications of Nanotechnology cover almost all the branches of science and technology. In late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 virus became the cause of infection for coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19). The outbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) be-comes a challenge for Hospitals and laboratories due to the large number of samples testing the presence of the causative pathogen. Many Scientists and researchers are devotedly working on finding out rapid immunodiagnostic methods to find positive cases. Nano based drugs offer a new therapeutic scheme against the wide range of bacterial pathogens. In this review article, the role of nanomaterial is focused on the fight against COVID-19.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.

World's Proposed Safeguard Against COVID-19 - A Brief Review

From December 2019 till now, the coronavirus disease pandemic has exposed the whole world to a new challenge where the survival of human beings faces an alarming phase. The humankind, with utmost intelligence, is trying to find out the key to unlock the lock made by SARSCoV-2, the causative virus of COVID-19. We here, briefly summarize the possible remedies so far introduced worldwide to combat the deadly pathogenic virus. The article includes the information of varieties of drugs applied globally: allopathic, homeopathic, Ayurveda, nanoparticle implicated protections and vaccination trials along with other biotechnical applications in different countries. Our review work may be useful to scientists involved in research in this field to know the global remedial aspects so far developed and also to create awareness among people regarding the present pandemic and preventive mechanisms.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.

Functionalized Photocatalytic Nanocoatings for Inactivating COVID-19 Virus Residing on Surfaces of Public and Healthcare Facilities

The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected the large population across the globe by serious respiratory illness and death. Since the medicine for this new disease is yet to discover, the treatment op-tions against pandemic COVID-19 are very limited and unsatisfactory. Further, the hospitals, wherethe COVID-19 patients are admitted for treatment, are the major source of the spread of this virus, as it survives on the surfaces of inanimate objects for days. Therefore, hospitals have become hotspots for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The non-availability of quality personal protective equipment (PPE) and exposure to severe COVID patients have been major factors for the infection in millions of healthcare workers. However, developing an effective medicine has remained challenging due to its unpredictable mutation rate. Here, this article describes functionalized photocatalytic nanocoat-ings to destroy the COVID-19 virus, which can be applied on the surface of inanimate objects, such as paper, cloth, glass, wood, ceramic, metallic, and polymeric surfaces. With the supporting experimental results, various possible ways of killing the virus and its relevant mechanism are dis-cussed. This article provides new insights for developing nano solutions to address this COVID-19 issue.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.

Nanotheranostics to target antibiotic-resistant bacteria: Strategies and applications

Various health agencies, such as the European Medical Agency (EMA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and World Health Organization (WHO), timely cited the upsurge of antibiotic resistance as a severe threat to the public health and global economy. Importantly, there is a rise in nosocomial infections among covid-19 patients and in-hospitalized patients with the delineating disorder. Most of nosocomial infections are related to the bacteria residing in biofilm, which are commonly formed on material surfaces. In biofilms, microcolonies of various bacteria live in syntropy;therefore, their infections require a higher antibiotic dosage or cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics, aggravating the severity of antibiotic resistance. Notably, the lack of intrinsic antibacterial properties in commercial-grade materials desires to develop newer functionalized materials to prevent biofilm formation on their surfaces. To devise newer strategies, materials prepared at the nanoscale demonstrated reasonable antibacterial properties or enhanced the activity of antimicrobial agents (that are encapsulated/chemically functionalized onto the material surface). In this manuscript, we compiled such nanosized materials, specifying their role in targeting specific strains of bacteria. We also enlisted the examples of nanomaterials, nanodevice, nanomachines, nano-camouflaging, and nano-antibiotics for bactericidal activity and their possible clinical implications.Copyright © 2023 The Author(s)

Microfluidics for nano-drug delivery systems: from fundamentals to industrialization

In recent years, owing to the miniaturization of the fluidic environment, microfluidic technology offers unique opportunities for the implementation of nano drug delivery systems (NDDSs) production processes. Compared with traditional methods, microfluidics improves the controllability and uniformity of NDDSs. The fast mixing and laminar flow properties achieved in the microchannels can tune the physicochemical properties of NDDSs, including particle size, distribution and morphology, resulting in narrow particle size distribution and high drug-loading capacity. The success of lipid nanoparticles encapsulated mRNA vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 by microfluidics also confirmed its feasibility for scaling up the preparation of NDDSs via parallelization or numbering-up. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of microfluidics-based NDDSs, including the fundamentals of microfluidics, microfluidic synthesis of NDDSs, and their industrialization. The challenges of microfluidics-based NDDSs in the current status and the prospects for future development are also discussed. We believe that this review will provide good guidance for microfluidics-based NDDSs.Copyright © 2023 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences

COVID-19 Vaccine Development Studies and Nanotechnology Approaches.

Despite the development of new antigens and adjuvants in conventional vaccine studies, different approaches are required in vaccine formulations due to the poor immunogenicity, in vivo intrinsic instability, toxicity, and the need for multiple administrations of conventional vaccines. To overcome these problems, nanotechnology approaches have recently been incorporated into vaccine formulations. As the development of vaccines is directed towards "minimal" compositions with low immunogenicity, there is an increasing need for new formulations that enhance the efficacy of antigens and adjuvants. There is an urgent need to regulate existing advanced treatment options for the global health threat posed by COVID-19, as well as to accelerate the development of new vaccines and drugs. Nano-sized carrier systems developed for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, especially cancer, continue to maintain their importance in the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of nanoparticles in medicine started about 30 years ago, but gained momentum with the pandemic and reached many people in a short time with vaccine formulation. The rapid development, approval and delivery of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is one of the most important achievements in the history of medicine, and nanomedicine is part of that history. Within the scope of the review, up-to-date information was given about the use of nanotechnology and nanoparticles in COVID-19 vaccine development studies.Copyright © Telif Hakki 2022 Flora.

COVID-19 Vaccine Development Studies and Nanotechnology Approaches

Despite the development of new antigens and adjuvants in conventional vaccine studies, different approaches are required in vaccine formulations due to the poor immunogenicity, in vivo intrinsic instability, toxicity, and the need for multiple administrations of conventional vaccines. To overcome these problems, nanotechnology approaches have recently been incorporated into vaccine formulations. As the development of vaccines is directed towards "minimal” compositions with low immunogenicity, there is an increasing need for new formulations that enhance the efficacy of antigens and adjuvants. There is an urgent need to regulate existing advanced treatment options for the global health threat posed by COVID-19, as well as to accelerate the development of new vaccines and drugs. Nano-sized carrier systems developed for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, especially cancer, continue to maintain their importance in the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of nanoparticles in medicine started about 30 years ago, but gained momentum with the pandemic and reached many people in a short time with vaccine formulation. The rapid development, approval and delivery of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is one of the most important achievements in the history of medicine, and nanomedicine is part of that history. Within the scope of the review, up-to-date information was given about the use of nanotechnology and nanoparticles in COVID-19 vaccine development studies.

Current status of alginate lyase from bacteria associated with marine brown algae as a combat agent against biofilm-related infection

Infection diseases are still the leading cause of death in lower and middle-income countries in the last decades. This as we know today is worsen by COVID-19, placing infectious disease as the global leading cause of death today.Onthe other hand, the morbidity and mortality of infection diseases on children around theworld is still alarming. In children, infectious disease is also the leading cause of death where lower respiratory infections are the more common, followed byDiarrhea and HIV/AIDS. The lower respiratory infections are often caused by biofilm forming bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Bacteria in biofilms are inherently more tolerant to antimicrobial treatment when compared directly to planktonic cells of the same strain. Many studies have shown that bacteria growing in biofilms are often thousands of times more tolerant to antimicrobial treatment than their planktonic counterparts. Therefore, degradation of biofilm produced by pathogenic bacteria is very important for lower respiratory infection treatment. It urges development of alginate lyase enzyme from bacteria associated with brown algae as antibiofilm agent. In the world, costs to eradicate bacterial biofilm are continuously increased while the market for products required in biofilm treatment is steadily growing. The large share of this segment in various areas of the world attributed to microbial products to remove, prevent, and manage biofilm. Current strategies in Combating bacterial biofilm infection includes quorum sensing inhibition, drug delivery system, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, catalytic therapy, nano-agent, theranostics, and matrix destruction. A natural antibiofilm agent is alginate lyase (an enzyme), which can destroy the main part of biofilm. Marine brown algae are a source of bacteria producing natural depolymerization agent of antibiofilm. This is due to the high alginate content of brown algae compared to red or green algae. Alginate is the substrate of alginate lyase produced by marine bacteria. Administration of alginate lyase can disrupt or destroy biofilm, when traced using electron micrograph before and after treatment. Most studies on application of alginate lyase as antibiofilm agent in the world is focused on cystic fibrosis case of infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Unspecified brown algae, followed by Sargassum sp. and Laminaria sp. have been mostly studied as source of bacterial alginate lyase without regards to their alginate contents. Hopefully the use of alginate lyase from bacteria associated with broader range of marine brown algae as antibiofilm agent could be expanded. The application should be enhanced to broader cases of biofilm-related infections in theworld, not only limited to cystic fibrosis cases.

Use of a Diabetes Self-Management Application in Combination with a 4 mm Pen Needle and Its Impact on Glycemic Variability and Patient-Reported Outcomes in People with Type 2 Diabetes Using Basal-Bolus Insulin Therapy

Background: Studies of mobile diabetes applications (apps) have demonstrated improvements in glycemia, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). In addition, shift to shorter pen needles (PN) and guidance on proper injection techniques have shown the potential for reduced glycemic variability. The purpose is to determine the impact of using a diabetes mobile app plus a novel 4 mm PN on PROs and glycemic outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for multiple daily injection (MDI) insulin users. Materials and methods: In this 8-week prospective, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, subjects either received (1:1) intervention (BD Diabetes Care [DC] App + BD Nano TM 2nd Gen PN) or control therapy. Controls used their current PN and did not use diabetes apps. Results: Fifty-eight subjects were randomized. Fifty-seven completed the study (intervention n = 27, control n = 30). At study end, there were no significant differences in PROs between groups, except improved medication adherence (ARMS-D) in controls. From flash glucose monitoring (fGM) data, there were no significant differences in most glycemic measures between groups except for a trend for improved glycemic variability [mean amplitude of the glycemic excursions (MAGE)] in the Intervention (p = 0.06). Controls had significantly reduced time spent in hypoglycemia but had 2 to 3-fold higher incidence at baseline. In general, Intervention subjects reported satisfaction with both the app and PN. Conclusions: This is the first BD DC App study, in combination with BD Nano TM 2nd Gen PN, to assess glycemic outcomes. This combination intervention shows promising results for reduced glycemic variability and the potential to positively impact self-management.

Structural biology at Sirius and the SARSCoV-2 pandemic - challenges and opportunities for global collaborations

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, waning now after over two years, generated a global response from the structural biology community. The first experiments at the 4th generation Synchrotron source SIRIUS, in Brazil, were focused on the structural studies of the viral proteases, including those encoded by SARS-CoV-2, their transition states and potential ligands. In this talk, we will present some of the findings concerning SARS-CoV-2 proteases and the status of MANACA beamline, as well as the latest developments in phasing (native SAD), multi-crystal, serial and room-temperature data collection. The MX beamline, MANACA, (MAcromolecular micro and Nano Serial CrystAllography), was commissioned during 2020, and the initial results helped to assess not only important features of the proteins and ligands, but also the quality and potential of the new beamline. Natural products and fragment libraries have been used by our users and collaborators [1], in academic and industrial settings. MANACA is optimised for high flux, micro-beam size and small beam divergence (0.44 mrad). Setups for serial crystallography data collection and analyses, as well as automation procedures, are being prepared [2]. The great beam characteristics provided by Sirius [3] and the high stability and precision of the optics and experimental station allows the diffraction of challenging samples such as viruses (and other crystals with large unit cells), membrane proteins and complexes, which commonly yield small crystals. The experiment control uses a userfriendly graphical interface (MXCuBE) [4], and automatic data processing (from data reduction to initial modelling) is available. The MANACA beamline is also prepared for remote access and has already performed remote experiments with foreign scientists.

Prospective Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the Effects of Nano-ozonized Hydrogen Peroxide Nebulization on Results of RTPCR for Novel Coronavirus thus Infectivity and Clinical Course among Moderately Sick COVID-19 Patients Hope in COVID-19 (Hydrogen Peroxide Inhalation)

Importance: Given the high mortality and cost of health care, especially in isolation settings, the idea of using nebulized hydrogen peroxide may play a very significant role in inactivation of coronavirus, thus reducing the infectivity period leading to reduced requirement of isolation and improving morbidity and mortality in people suffering with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-2019). Aim and objective: Objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of nebulized hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in reducing the viral load and disease severity of patients suffering with COVID-19. Design: Double-blinded randomized control trial. HOPE in COVID-19 study. Setting: Tertiary care COVID hospital (single center). Participants: Moderate sick COVID-19-positive patients were included in the study after they qualified the inclusion criteria. Intervention: Patients were nebulized using 1 mL of ozonized 3% H2O2 after diluting with 4 mL of normal saline three times a day for 5 days. The control group was nebulized with normal saline only. Main outcome: Outcome was assessed for reduction in oxygen requirement (number of days on oxygen), symptoms resolution (dyspnea, cough, and fever), and number of days it took to be RT-PCR negative for COVID-19. Results: The early data from trial showed promising trends toward a better outcome. The study showed that in the case group who were nebulized with hydrogen peroxide resulted in better outcome in terms of parameters assessed in the study and the differences from the control group were statistically significant (p ≤0.001, CI 95%). Outcome in the form of mortality (odds ratio 0.29, 95% CI 0.02–3.14, p = 0.31, z = 1.007) was statistically insignificant. The number needed to treat for our study was 10.

In vitro Evaluation of Sitagliptin-HIV-1 Trans-activator Transcription Peptide Nano-formula for Antiviral Activity Against SARS-CoV-2: Drug Repurposing Approach

Background. The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in China regarded as a major health/economic hazard. The importance of coming up with mechanisms for preventing or treating COVID-19 has been felt across the world. This work aimed at examining the efficiency of Sitagliptin (SIT) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) trans-activator transcription peptide (TAT) against SARS-CoV-2. Methods. SIT-TAT nano-conjugates were prepared according to a full three-factor bi-level (23) factorial design. SIT concentration (mM, X1), TAT concentration (mM, X2), and pH (X3) were selected as the factors. Particle size (nm, Y1) and zeta potential (mV, Y2) were assessed as responses. Characterization of the optimized formula for Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) and Transmission electron microscope was carried out. In addition, IC50 in Vero E6 cells, In vitro 3CL-protease inhibition and docking tests were investigated. Results. The prepared complex's formula was as follows 1: 1 SIT: TAT molar ratio, whereas zeta potential and particle size values were at 34.17 mV and 97.19 nm, respectively. This combination did exhibit its antiviral potentiality against SARS-CoV-2 via IC50 values of 9.083 5.415, and 16.14 μM for TAT, SIT-TAT, and SIT, respectively. In addition, the complex SIT-TAT showed a significant (P < 0.001) viral-3CL-protease inhibitory effect (IC50 = 3.959 μM ± 0.011) in comparison to isolated components (IC50 = 10.93 μM ± 0.25) and TAT (IC50 = 8.128 μM ± 0.42). This was further confirmed via in silico study. Molecular docking investigation has shown promising binding affinity of the formula components towards SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3-CL). Conclusion. While offering significant binding interactions with protein's key pocket residues, an optimized formulation of SIT-TAT could guarantee both the enhanced delivery to the target cells and the improved cellular uptake. The presented findings would guarantee further investigations regarding formula optimization against SARS-CoV-2.

WHEN BIO and NANO MEET: DEVELOPMENT and PRODUCTION of DIAGNOSTIC TESTS in the FIGHT AGAINST COVID-19

In December 2019, a beta-coronavirus called SARS-Cov 2 emerged in the Chinese city of Wuhan, causing an outbreak of unusual and severe bilateral pneumonia. The virus managed to spread rapidly, expanding westward with a high contagion rate, unleashing the most important pandemic of the last hundred years. This generated a collapse not only in health systems but also in international trade, cutting the supply chain of medical supplies. The first official case registered in our country occurred at the beginning of March 2020. Faced with this scenario, our laboratory presented a proposal to the National Executive Power for the development and manufacture of molecular diagnostic tests and columns for RNA purification, two critical inputs necessary to meet the growing demand of the national diagnostic network. Thanks to the financing of the Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF), we established a public-private consortium between IIB-UNSAM, the UNQ molecular biology laboratory, and the companies Productos Bio-Lógicos SA and Chemtest SA who contributed their human and technical resources, and administrative capacities to carry out the task. The consortium with the collaboration of different dependencies of the National State brought from China the critical supplies for the development and production of 700,000 manual and automated RNA purification kits that were distributed throughout the country. Also, an isothermal amplification method of viral genetic material followed by detection of nucleic acid by lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (NALFIA) was developed. The kit, called ELA-CHEMSTRIP, combines bio and nano components developed and manufactured entirely in the country, allowing the detection of the viral genetic material present in a swab sample with a detection limit, sensitivity, and diagnostic specificity equivalent to RT-PCR but without the need for sophisticated thermal cyclers. This technology made it possible to decentralize the COVID 19 diagnosis and implement it even in rural areas where there was no infrastructure for molecular diagnosis. In this way, we took advantage of a unique historical opportunity that allowed us to articulate actions and capacities of both the public and private sectors, converging on a common goal. The challenge for the future is to expand and consolidate these capacities to generate positive feedback that enables the development of a national biotechnology industry facing the challenges of the 21st century.

A graphene-printed paper electrode for determination of H2O2in municipal wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic

Recently, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been used as a disinfectant in sanitizers for cleaning hands, and solid surfaces of hospitals, offices and homes to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus. The effluents from domestic, hospital and municipal waste should be monitored for their H2O2 content to avoid the entry of this toxic pollutant into the ecosystem. Therefore, we developed a low-cost graphene (Gr)-printed paper electrode for determination of H2O2 using cyclic voltammetry (CV). An office inkjet-printer and Gr nano-ink stabilized with ethyl cellulose (EC) were used for the fabrication of printed paper electrodes (PPEs) to determine H2O2 quantitatively. A stable Gr-EC nano-ink (2%) with viscosity and surface tension values of 12 mPa S-1 and 35 mN M-1, respectively, was formulated to obtain conductive electrodes. A wide linear range (2 μM-25 mM) with a better limit of detection (0.28 μM) for the determination of H2O2 was obtained when the Gr-EC/PPE was used as a working electrode. Further, the Gr-EC/PPE was successfully employed for analysis of H2O2 in wastewater. The electrochemical determination of H2O2 using the Gr-EC/PPE as an electrode in CV is rapid, economical, flexible and eco-friendly when compared with previously reported methods.

Nano-triciribine reduces sars-cov-2 infection by sequestering ace2 and the novel host factor LDLR

Introduction: People with previous CVD hospitalized for COVID-19 have elevated death rate. We reported that patients with diabetes and HF higher protein levels of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). We hypothesized that LDLR is a novel host factor for the SARS-CoV-2-Spike (S2S) protein that may be regulated by the Akt inhibitor Triciribine (TCN), a drug being tested in Phase III studies for breast cancer. We also hypothesized that nano-formulation of Triciribine (NanoTriciribine;NTCN) would enhance its efficacy and allow for intranasal delivery. Methods: Interactions between the recombinant proteins Spike-RBD (receptor binding domain), ACE2, LDLR and its ectodomains (EGFA-EFFB, C2-C5 and C2) were analyzed by binding assays and co-IP in HepG2, HK2, and 293T cells. Viral entry assays were performed with 2 S2S pseudoviruses using 293T cells + hACE2 and TMPRSS2 or Furin protease. The effect of NTCN or the LXR agonist GW-3965 on viral uptake (pseudotyped VSVΔG-GFP∗S2S or chimera VSV-S2SeGFP virus) was assessed. Akt, pAkt, ACE2, and LDLR levels were determined in 293T+hACE2 by flow cytometry. Assays were done in triplicates and 1-way-ANOVA with Tukey's correction was used for statistics. Results: RBD protein binds modestly to the human LDLR (EC50:10μM) and its C2-C5 ectodomain (EC50:13.8μM). Co-IP revealed a novel and strong LDLR-ACE2 interaction in several human cell lines. LDLR overexpression in human cells increased the uptake of VSVΔG-GFP∗S2S (FC=2.32;p<0.001) and chimera virus (FC=.33;p<.0001). NTCN and TCN each reduced pAkt/Akt ratio. 1μM TCN or NTCN reduced LDLR (7.2%;p<.01 &15.6%;p<0.0001) and ACE2 (32%;p<0.05 &44.7%;p<.01) cell surface expression, respectively. 1μM NTCN or GW-3965 reduced S2S viral entry by 64.2% (p<.0001) and 40.7% (p<.01), respectively, confirming a role for LDLR in S2S infection. In hACE2tg mice, chimera VSV-S2S caused significant lung infection as measured by qPCR, GFP expression in proximal and distal lung airway epithelial cells, and electron microscopy. Intranasal delivery of NTCN was well tolerated. Conclusions: LDLR enhanced S2S viral entry supporting the elevated COVID-19 susceptibility seen in patients with heart disease. NTCN is a promising candidate for prophylactic treatment against COVID-19.

A pervasive review on new advancements of nano vaccines on covid-19 pandamic

The infection that causes COVID-19 may be a pathogen referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is believed to possess originated from China's Wuhan Province. The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a worldwide concern, with the planet Health Organization (WHO) declaring it an epidemic on March, 2020. To enter the cells, SARS-CoV-2 S requires angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Many existing vaccines have drawbacks like insufficient system stimulation, in vivo instability, high toxicity, the need for a chilly chain, and multiple administration. A nanotechnology is an efficient tool for addressing these issues. A successful vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection is predicted to stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses and protects against severe sorts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Different strategies are introduced because the go after an efficient and safe vaccination has begun. Currently, the foremost common vaccine types studied in clinical trials include viral vector-based vaccinations, genetic vaccines, attenuated vaccines, and protein-based vaccines. during this review, we cover the foremost promising anti-COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials also as various vaccination strategies to shed more light on the continued clinical trials. it's also discussed how nanotechnology is often wont to better understand the pathology of the present pandemic, also as how our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 cellular uptake and toxicity can influence future nanotoxicological considerations and nanomedicine design of safe yet effective nanomaterials.